ArticleBlockchain in healthcare today2025
The Self-Sovereign Patient as a Cornerstone of Healthcare 4.0.
Article in Blockchain in healthcare today, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Ethical issues in multi-agent AI systems for healthcare: a narrative review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In Healthcare 4.0, we are witnessing a fundamental shift from provider-centric systems to patient-centric models, where individuals, empowered by technologies such as blockchain, the Internet of Medical Things, and artificial intelligence (AI), assume the role of the Self-Sovereign Patient, exercising control over their health data and care journey. These technologies enable new forms of data ownership, interoperability, and personalized care, building on the structured reliability of legacy systems. However, significant challenges remain. Tensions between blockchain immutability and regulatory rights such as data erasure, the unresolved question of digital inheritance, and ethical concerns surrounding consent, monetization, and health equity must all be addressed. In addition, institutional barriers such as clinical integration, data governance, and uneven access to digital infrastructure pose risks of deepening existing disparities. AI agents, when responsibly deployed, offer promising pathways to augment care delivery and alleviate workforce burdens. Realizing this vision requires coordinated action across clinical, technical, legal, and ethical domains to design trustworthy, privacy-preserving systems that enhance transparency and accountability.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.