ArticleArchives of women's mental health2026
Depression and anxiety symptoms among Nepali women: a dose-response analysis of emotional abuse and coercive control.
Article in Archives of women's mental health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Key factors and serial mediation analysis of anxiety and depression among university students: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
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Abstract
purposeThis study investigates how different forms and intensities of intimate partner violence (IPV)-particularly emotional abuse and coercive control control-are associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety among women in Nepal.
methodsWe analyzed the 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, focusing on 4377 ever-partnered women aged 15-49 years. IPV was categorised into four domains: physical, sexual, emotional, and coercive control. Depression and anxiety were assessed using Nepali versions of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7. Multivariable logistic regression and marginal effects models were applied to estimate associations and explore dose-response patterns.
resultsEmotional IPV (aOR = 3.8) and coercive control (aOR = 1.8) were independently associated with moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms. Similar associations were observed for anxiety (emotional IPV aOR = 2.9; coercive control aOR = 1.6). Male partner alcohol use independently increased the risk of both IPV and common mental disorders (CMDs). Predicted probabilities of CMD symptoms were 5.45% with neither IPV nor alcohol use, 7.82% with alcohol use only, 11.64% with IPV only, and 17.95% with both exposures. Marginal effects analysis showed a clear dose-response pattern: each additional act of emotional, physical, or sexual IPV significantly increased CMD risk.
conclusionPsychological IPV-including emotional abuse and coercive control-has a strong, cumulative effect on women's mental health and remains underrecognized in clinical protocol and public health policies. Male partner alcohol use further amplifies this risk. Integrated IPV-mental health-alcohol interventions, grounded in syndemic and trauma-informed frameworks, are urgently needed in Nepal's primary health care systems.
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