Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41622308›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Enhancing the properties and environmental performance of fired clay bricks through lignocellulosic additives an investigation of oil palm mesocarp fibre (OPMF) as a sustainable alternative.

Amir Detho, Noor Amira Sarani, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Mohd Fadhil Md Din, Nur Fatin Nabila Hissham, Nur Fatihah Tajul Arifin, Mohd Khairolden Ghani, Hesham Hussein Rassem

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Amir DethoDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, 73222, Saudi Arabia. Amir.Detho@nbu.edu.sa.
Noor Amira SaraniFaculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, 86400, Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia. nooramira@uthm.edu.my.
Aeslina Abdul KadirFaculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, 86400, Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia.
Mohd Fadhil Md DinDepartment of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
Nur Fatin Nabila HisshamFaculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, 86400, Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia.
Nur Fatihah Tajul ArifinDepartment of Smart Engineering and Advanced Technology, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mohd Khairolden GhaniConstruction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM), CIDB 520, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Hesham Hussein RassemFaculty of Science, University of Hodeidah, Hodeidah, Yemen. hesham_rassem@yahoo.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This article investigates the role of lignocellulosic additives, specifically Oil Palm Mesocarp Fibre (OPMF), in modulating the properties and environmental performance of fired clay bricks. OPMF, a readily available material containing high levels of lignocellulose, possesses desirable properties for use in brick making. Clay soil was substituted with OPMF at varying levels (0%, 1%, 5%, and 10%), and bricks were fired at 1050 °C with a controlled heating rate of 1 °C/min. A systematic experiment was employed, combining physical-mechanical properties (density, shrinkage, water absorption, porosity, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity), microstructural analysis (XRD, SEM-EDX, TGA-DTA), and and leaching analysis (TCLP and SPLP tests) were evaluated. The results revealed that incorporating 10% OPMF significantly reduced the mechanical properties, with compressive strength decreasing from 24.6 MPa to 4.1 MPa. This decrease was attributed to increased firing shrinkage (0.7 to 2.5%) and porosity (13 to 25%). However, OPMF addition resulted in a lighter brick (density decreased from 1799 to 1563 kg/m

Indexed as

Fired clay brickLeachingOil palm mesocarp fibreRecycling palm oil mill wasteSustainable building materials

Identifiers

PMID41622308
PMCPMC12864951

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.