ArticleScientific reports2026
Evaluation of heat warning thresholds with multiple lagged and cumulative health impacts based on a 20-year population database.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heat warning systems represent a critical health adaptation strategy under global boiling. This study evaluates the appropriateness of the existing criteria of heat warning categories, which were established based on climatology. The objectives were (1) to evaluate the association of the daily maximum temperature (Tmax) and multiple health outcomes (including emergency visits, hospitalization cases, and mortality of heat-related illness (HRI), cardiovascular, respiratory, diabetes, and renal diseases) considering both the lag and cumulative effects, and (2) to identify vulnerable groups (considering their demographic, occupation, geographic, and health status) and areas of heat-health impacts. Weather and health records in Taiwan from May to October from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed using generalized additive models. The results show that HRI was the most sensitive health outcome, and the relative risk (RR) was 1.81 (confidence interval (CI): 1.51 - 2.18) and 2.99 (CI: 1.99 - 4.49) for emergency visits and hospitalizations, respectively, when Tmax was ≥ 34 °C. The corresponding RRs were 2.00 (CI: 1.67 - 2.39) and 2.39 (CI: 1.44 - 3.95) when Tmax was ≥ 32 and ≥ 31 °C for three consecutive days, respectively. The morbidity risks of cardiovascular, respiratory, diabetes, and renal diseases all increased at different temperature thresholds. Significant associations between Tmax and health outcomes occurred at thresholds lower than the current warning thresholds, indicating the need for revision. Both lag and cumulative effects need to be considered in heat-health warning systems. People with hypertension, hyperglycemia, or hyperlipidemia were found to be more vulnerable, as they had higher RRs for pneumonia, COPD, and stroke than the general population. Among different occupations, farmers were found to be most vulnerable. This study demonstrates a methodology considering both lag and cumulative effects that can be applied in other countries to assist in the establishment of evidence-based heat-health warning systems.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.