ArticleJournal of orthopaedic surgery and research2026
Effects of proprioceptive stimulation foot pads on in-toeing gait in children: a retrospective study.
Article in Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundIn-toeing gait is a common developmental condition in children and may lead to gait instability, frequent falls, and discomfort. However, evidence supporting conservative interventions, such as proprioceptive stimulation foot pads, remains limited.
objectiveTo evaluate the effects of proprioceptive stimulation foot pads on gait parameters in children with in-toeing gait.
methodsThis retrospective study included 119 children aged 5–12 years who were diagnosed with in-toeing gait in Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2020 and April 2023. Based on clinical records, children who received proprioceptive stimulation foot pads were assigned to the treatment group, while those managed by observation alone comprised the control group. Gait parameters measured at baseline and follow-up were extracted for analysis.
resultsCompared with the control group, the treatment group demonstrated a significant improvement in foot progression angle. In contrast, walking speed, step length, stride length, arch index, and plantar pressure showed changes in both groups, with no consistent between-group differences.
conclusionProprioceptive stimulation foot pads are associated with improved foot progression angle in children with in-toeing gait, while effects on other gait parameters appear limited. These findings provide preliminary support for the use of this conservative intervention.
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