SynthesisOrphanet journal of rare diseases2026
Clinical features of Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionInfantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome (IESS) is a severe epilepsy in children between one month and two years of age. Urgent referral of possible IESS cases from pediatricians and family physicians who care for children to neurologists for diagnosis and treatment has been shown to significantly improve patient health outcomes. Yet, a comprehensive list of IESS clinical features is lacking. We conducted a systematic review of studies to report IESS clinical features.
methodsArticles from the MEDLINE Complete and Embase databases were searched from the earliest years of databases availability (1979) to July 31, 2024. We followed the Preferred Reporting for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines to conduct this systematic review with 140 articles, all of which were descriptive studies.
resultsWe identified 25 clinical features among the 3,786 children with IESS who were included in 140 studies. No single clinical descriptor was reported in over half of the children. The six most commonly reported clinical features included flexor spasms (48.28%), mixed spasms (30.19%), extensor spasms (10.49%), symmetric spasms (8.49%), asymmetric/focal spasms (6.50%), and head nodding (2.48%).
conclusionsThere were a wide variety of IESS presentation descriptions. This review will help future researchers to develop an IESS screening tool that can assist pediatricians and family physicians who care for children in making urgent referrals.
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