Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41620681›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2026

Housing and displacement as risk factors for negative health outcomes among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles, CA, and Denver, CO, USA.

Jesse Lloyd Goldshear, Karen F Corsi, Rachel Carmen Ceasar, Siddhi S Ganesh, Kelsey A Simpson, Alex H Kral, Ricky N Bluthenthal

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. The Health Toll of Encampment Sweeps: A Descriptive Analysis of People Who Use Drugs in Massachusetts.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jesse Lloyd GoldshearDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA. jgoldshear@health.ucsd.edu.
Karen F CorsiDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, 1890 N. Revere Court, Suite 5242, Aurora, CO, 90045, USA.
Rachel Carmen CeasarDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Siddhi S GaneshDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Kelsey A SimpsonDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
Alex H KralRTI International, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
Ricky N BluthenthalDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.

Funding

Cannabis use and health outcomes among opioid-using people who inject drugs in the context of cannabis legalizationR01DA046049 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI BLUTHENTHAL, RICKY N, CORSI, KAREN F · 2019 to 2022
$2.6M
NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA046049NIDA NIH HHS R01DA046049USC Institute of Addiction Science PG1033682
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe United States is currently experiencing a housing and homelessness crisis. In response, many cities have adopted policies of displacement that move unhoused people from place to place. Recent research indicates that these policies may have negative health impacts on unhoused people who use drugs. We sought to examine health risks associated with forced displacement among unhoused people who inject drugs (PWID).

methodsWe interviewed a community-recruited sample of opioid-using PWID in Los Angeles, CA and Denver, CO between April 2021 and November 2022 (N = 472) about their demographic/socioeconomic characteristics, drug use patterns, housing status, forced displacement including items discarded during displacements, and health risks. We constructed binomial generalized linear regression to examine the risk ratio of non-fatal overdose, and syringe and cooker/cotton sharing between four groups of participants: housed, unhoused and not displaced, unhoused and moved, and unhoused and displaced in the last three months.

resultsIn the last 3 months, 52% of participants were unhoused and displaced by the government. Among those who were displaced, median number of forced displacements was 3 with 69% reporting loss of syringes, 56% loss of naloxone, and 22% loss of buprenorphine medicine. In multivariable models, adjusted risk ratios for unhoused and displaced participants were higher for nonfatal overdose (ARR = 3.84, 95% CI: 1.60–9.20), cooker/cotton sharing (ARR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.40–4.33), and syringe sharing (ARR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.04–7.29) as compared to housed participants.

conclusionsUnhoused and displaced PWID experience elevated health risks. Ending the use of forced displacement of unhoused PWID is essential to reducing health risk in this population.

Indexed as

HousingIll-Housed PersonsSubstance Abuse, IntravenousAdultCaliforniaFemaleHousing InstabilityHumansLos AngelesMaleMiddle AgedNeedle SharingRisk FactorsDrug overdoseForced displacementHomelessnessHomelessness policyPeople who inject drugsRisk behaviors

Identifiers

PMID41620681
PMCPMC12947454

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.