Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41620638›Full record

Trial reportJournal of neurodevelopmental disorders2026

A new effective treatment for dyslexia based on dorsal visual stream neuromodulation.

Giuseppe Di Dona, Denisa Adina Zamfira, Francesco De Benedetto, Chiara Turri, Camilla Venturini, Lisa Venniro, Daniela Perani, Luca Ronconi

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Giuseppe Di Dona *School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, (MI), Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8778-7621
Denisa Adina Zamfira *School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, (MI), Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-5336
Francesco De BenedettoDivision of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, (MI), Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8582-0064
Chiara TurriDivision of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, (MI), Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-4642-9949
Camilla VenturiniDivision of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, (MI), Italy.
Lisa VenniroSchool of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, (MI), Italy.
Daniela PeraniSchool of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, (MI), Italy.
Luca RonconiSchool of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, (MI), Italy. luca.ronconi@unitn.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4674-8917

Funding

Fondazione Regionale per la Ricerca Biomedica 1751150Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca 2022H4ZRSN
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Developmental dyslexia (DD) affects approximately 10% of individuals, impairing reading ability thus limiting professional fulfilment and psychological wellbeing. DD is associated with both phonological and visual deficits, and the latter are attributed to dysfunctions of the magnocellular-dorsal visual stream, which has a critical role in planning saccades and supporting the extraction of letters/words identity. Currently, there are no effective treatments to restore the brain networks underlying visuospatial analysis and oculomotor efficiency. Adults with DD were enrolled in a randomised clinical trial introducing a non-invasive neuromodulation protocol specifically designed to enhance dorsal stream functionality. We used bi-focal beta-band transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in parietal areas, due to the recognized role of beta oscillation in the dorsal stream functionality. Coupled with a 12-session visuoattentional training, such protocol induced improvements in reading speed, oculomotor control, and visual motion perception. Additionally, beta-tACS led to long-term enhancement of working memory. These outcomes were exclusive or superior to those obtained with a placebo/sham neuromodulation, and were accompanied by plastic changes in the stimulated brain networks. Overall, our findings show the efficacy of multisession tACS in improving core visual, oculomotor and cognitive deficits associated with reading disorders.

Indexed as

Beta RhythmDyslexiaParietal LobeTranscranial Direct Current StimulationVisual PathwaysAdultFemaleHumansMaleMemory, Short-TermMotion PerceptionReadingTreatment OutcomeYoung AdultBeta oscillationsDorsal visual streamLearning disabilitiesMagnocellular systemNon-invasive brain stimulationReadingReading accelerationtACS

Identifiers

PMID41620638
PMCPMC12947359

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.