ArticleSports medicine - open2026
Higher Incidence and Longer Recovery Time from Non-Contact Muscle Injuries in ACTN3 XX Genotype Players from a Soccer Academy: A Three-Season Longitudinal Study.
Article in Sports medicine - open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine whether the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was associated with injury rate and recovery time from non-contact muscle injuries in youth academy players and professional soccer players.
methodsThe ACTN3 rs1815739 genotype was identified in 76 male soccer players (22 professional, 27 U19 and 27 U17) from a top-level French soccer club. Over three consecutive competitive seasons (2020/21 to 2022/23), the players were prospectively monitored. The club's medical staff systematically recorded all injuries sustained during soccer exposure. Injury incidence was calculated based on total soccer exposure, and return-to-play time (RTT) for each injury was determined by the medical staff. A total of 312 injuries were documented, including 144 non-contact muscle injuries. Injury incidence rates (IRs) and rate ratios (RRs) were compared across player genotypes, both overall and within each category, using Poisson or negative binomial regression models with exposure time as an offset. RTT was analyzed by genotype using the Kruskal-Wallis test.
resultsOverall genotype distribution was RR, 52.6%; RX, 30.3%; and XX, 17.1%. Across all players, XX carriers had the highest injury incidence (8.54 [6.54-10.39]/1000 h) followed by RX players (6.65 [5.39-7.91]/1000 h) and RR players (5.15 [4.35-5.95]/1000 h), although these differences did not reach statistical significance. The RRs for XX compared with RR players was 1.66 (95% CI: 0.85-3.23, p = 0.140), indicating a non-significant tendency toward higher incidence in XX players. However, RTT differed significantly among genotypes (p = 0.007), with median [IQR] values of 13 [10, 16] days for RR, 16 [14, 22] days for RX, and 18 [13, 19] days for XX. Subgroup analyses showed that RTT differences were significant in U17 players (p = 0.004), with XX requiring longer recovery (23 days) compared to RR players (11 days). However, these genotype-related differences in RTT were not significant among professional soccer players.
conclusionThe ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was associated with recovery characteristics following non-contact muscle injuries in soccer players. Specifically, players with the XX genotype required significantly longer return-to-play times, a pattern evident in youth academy players but not in the professional group.
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