ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2026
Antibody-Targeted Artificial T Cell and Natural Killer Cell Derived Vesicles for Cancer Immunotherapy.
Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Breaking barriers in peritoneal fibrosis: extracellular vesicles as promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategy.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Ganglioside GM3 in the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanisms of Signaling Regulation and Strategies for Angiogenesis Inhibition.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Antibody-Targeted Artificial T Cell and Natural Killer Cell Derived Vesicles for Cancer Immunotherapy.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer: Promoters, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
T cell and NK92 cell-derived extracellular vesicles or artificial cell-derived vesicles (ACDVs) exhibit anti-cancer effects through inherited cytotoxic proteins like perforin and granzyme or transmembrane receptors like FasL and TRAIL. The anti-cancer potential of artificial T and NK vesicles has been improved by attaching targeting moieties to their surface using genetic engineering or covalent surface modifications. However, the genetic engineering of immune cells from which the vesicles are derived is laborious, expensive, and inefficient, and naturally derived exosomes are released in low quantities. Here, we compared the properties of tumour-targeted and untargeted ACDVs from activated-T cells and NK92 cells. We examined whether the cancer cell-killing capacity of ACDVs derived from activated-T and NK92 cells could be targeted to cancer cells by conjugating tumour-targeting antibodies to their surface. We targeted T and NK92 ACDVs to cancer cells possessing the xenoantigen, N-glycolyl neuraminic acid GM3 ganglioside, using the 14f7hT antibody or the tumour antigen, epidermal growth factor receptor, using the nimotuzumab antibody. Antibody targeting improved the cell interaction, internalization, and cytotoxicity of T and NK92 ACDVs. Interestingly, the T-ACDVs retained perforin, granzyme, FasL and TRAIL, whereas NK92 ACDVs retained perforin, granzyme and FasL. Based on their ease of production and lower cost, we chose NK92 ACDVs for in vivo and ex vivo studies. Intravenously injected nimotuzumab-conjugated NK92 ACDVs decreased the tumour volumes of EGFR-expressing ovarian cancer xenografts in mice. 14F7hT-conjugated NK92 ACDVs showed cytotoxic activity against chronic lymphocytic leukaemia biopsies. This research shows the potential for using antibody-conjugated, cytotoxic T and NK ACDVs as a feasible and effective approach for tumour-targeted immunotherapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.