Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41618398›Full record

ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2026

Nanoluciferase-CD63 labeling reveals extracellular vesicle kinetics in a mouse intraductal model of ductal carcinoma in situ.

Cole Hladik, Sugantha Priya Elayapillai, Samrita Dogra, Matthew Bruns, Elizabeth A Wellberg, Alexander Filatenkov, Fariba Behbod, Bethany N Hannafon

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Cole HladikDepartment of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
Sugantha Priya ElayapillaiDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
Samrita DograDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
Matthew BrunsDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
Elizabeth A WellbergDepartment of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
Alexander FilatenkovDepartment of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
Fariba BehbodDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Center, University of Kansas, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, CH, USA.
Bethany N HannafonDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Campus, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. Bethany-hannafon@ou.edu.

Funding

Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology HR17-052
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive precursor to breast cancer that increases lifetime risk for invasive disease and, in rare cases, causes distant metastases without local recurrence. Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), or exosomes, mediate tumor progression, systemic signaling, and metastasis; however, the timing of release and biodistribution of sEVs from early preinvasive lesions remains unclear.

methodsHere, we investigated the release kinetics and systemic dissemination of sEVs secreted by DCIS cells confined to the mammary ducts using an orthotopic mouse mammary intraductal xenograft model with MCF10DCIS cells engineered to express NanoLuc (NLuc)-tagged CD63, an sEV marker. Tumor growth was monitored using bioluminescent imaging (BLI) in vivo and ex vivo; DCIS outgrowth and focal invasion were confirmed by fluorescent immunohistochemistry; and NLuc activity was assayed in tissue lysates. Next-generation RNA sequencing of brain tissue was used to evaluate gene expression changes at 28 days post-implantation (dpi).

resultsLongitudinal BLI revealed CD63-NLuc signals in mammary glands (P < 0.05), and distant organs, including spleen (P < 0.05), liver (P < 0.05), lungs (P < 0.01) and brain (P < 0.01) by day 14 followed by detection in heart tissue (P < 0.001) and in the circulation by day 21, preceding histological evidence of invasion. Further, CD63-NLuc activity was significantly and positively correlated with BLI levels in mammary glands and plasma (P < 0.05). Immune, metabolic, and stress response pathways were downregulated in brain tissue at 28 dpi compared to 3 dpi.

conclusionsThese findings demonstrate systemic dissemination of tumor-derived sEVs during DCIS progression, suggesting roles in early microenvironmental conditioning and metastatic preconditioning prior to overt invasion.

Indexed as

Breast NeoplasmsCarcinoma, Intraductal, NoninfiltratingExtracellular VesiclesLuciferasesTetraspanin 30AnimalsCell Line, TumorDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHumansKineticsMiceLuciferasesTetraspanin 30BiodistributionBioluminescent imagingDuctal carcinoma in situExosomesSmall extracellular vesicles

Identifiers

PMID41618398
PMCPMC12931078

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.