Understanding the State of US-Based Spanish Language Wildfire Outreach and Education Materials for the Public: A Case Study of California.

Wildfires pose an escalating threat to communities across California, with Spanish-speaking populations facing disproportionate vulnerabilities due to limited access to culturally and linguistically appropriate educational resources. This study examines the availability, accessibility, and spatial distribution of Spanish-language wildfire education materials across the state. We combined quantitative trend analysis with qualitative content and cluster analyses to identify key content gaps and geographic disparities. Results reveal that while the production of Spanish-language materials has increased in recent years, it remains inconsistent and significantly lags behind the availability of English-language resources. Outreach efforts are concentrated in wildfire-prone regions like Southern California, whereas other high-risk and socioeconomically disadvantaged regions, such as the Central Valley and parts of Northern California, are underserved. Thematic analysis of material content shows varying emphasis on preparedness, evacuation, and recovery, but limited coverage of long-term resilience and environmental justice concerns. Local agencies and non-profits have emerged as pivotal actors in addressing these gaps, yet their efforts are constrained by limited resources and coordination challenges. Systemic disparities in outreach stem from perceptions of audience demand and inconsistent funding mechanisms. Our findings underscore the urgent need for coordinated action across federal, state, and local agencies to ensure equitable dissemination of wildfire information. Strengthening collaborations and increasing investment in culturally relevant, Spanish-language materials will be essential for enhancing community resilience, improving wildfire preparedness, and closing critical communication gaps for at-risk populations. This study highlights actionable pathways for more inclusive and effective wildfire communication strategies across linguistically diverse regions of California.