Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41617932›Full record

ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2026

Neck Motion and Injuries of Small Females and Midsize Males in Frontal Impacts at Two Severities.

Corina Espelien, John-Paul Donlon, Jeesoo Shin, Mary Gallaher, Sara Sochor, Junior Noss, Randolff Carpenter, Pablo Gracia Cemborain, Jason Forman

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Corina EspelienCenter for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. cme2kd@virginia.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-543X
John-Paul DonlonCenter for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Jeesoo ShinCenter for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Mary GallaherCenter for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Sara SochorCenter for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Junior NossCenter for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Randolff CarpenterCenter for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Pablo Gracia CemborainCenter for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Jason FormanCenter for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

Funding

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 693JJ921F000180
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeHead and neck injuries remain a critical area of concern in automotive safety. To inform injury prediction tools, like crash test dummies, neck validation data are needed. While neck response information for midsize males is available, anthropometry-specific data are needed for other body shapes, including small females. The objective of this study is to characterize the neck response (head and neck kinematics and neck injuries) for small females and compare it to the response of midsize males in the same testing conditions.

methodsSix small adult female post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) and three midsize adult male PMHS were each tested twice, once at 3-g (20 km/h) and again at 8-g (43 km/h) in frontal impacts. Motion-capture measurements of the skull and first thoracic vertebrae (T1) were analyzed to calculate head and neck motion.

resultsFemales had less downward and less forward head excursion than males for both 3-g and 8-g impact tests. The decreases in peak head responses between the 8-g and 3-g tests were larger for small females than for males, with the largest decrease of 30% for small female downward excursion. Rotation responses were similar for females and males at 3-g. At 8-g; the overall range of T1 pitch was similar for both sexes, although males exhibited an initial rearward T1 pitch. No injuries were found for the male PMHS, while two of the female PMHS had cervical spine injuries.

conclusionThese kinematic and injury data can be used for injury prediction tool neck validation.

Indexed as

Accidents, TrafficNeck InjuriesAdultBiomechanical PhenomenaFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedBiomechanicsCadaverFemaleFrontal impactNeckSpine

Identifiers

PMID41617932
PMCPMC13186882

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.