Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41615338›Full record

ArticleRisk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis2026

Expectation as a Risk for Covid-19-Related Olfactory Changes: Observations From the California Farmworkers Health Survey.

Derry Ridgway, Nimrat K Sandhu, Ana M Mora, Katherine Kogut, Paul Brown, Brenda Eskenazi

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Derry RidgwayHealth Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA.
Nimrat K SandhuHealth Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA.
Ana M MoraCenter for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
Katherine KogutCenter for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
Paul BrownHealth Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA.
Brenda EskenaziCenter for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Some outcomes in medical and public health research, as well as clinical practice, must rely on patient reports and may be influenced by the prior knowledge of the patient. During the early months of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, changes in the sense of smell and taste were widely reported as a distinctive aspect of the new respiratory contagion. Using a Rubin Model of causal inference and data from a California Department of Public Health-sponsored survey of California farmworker health, we estimate that approximately half (56.5%) of infected patients reporting olfactory changes after a diagnosis of Covid-19 would not have reported olfactory changes if not made aware of their Covid-19 infection. The observations support a similar conclusion with respect to Covid-19-related changes in the sense of taste.

Indexed as

COVID-19FarmersOlfaction DisordersSmellCaliforniaHealth SurveysHumansPandemicsSARS-CoV-2Covid‐19Rubin Tablesmelltaste

Identifiers

PMID41615338
PMCPMC12857605

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.