Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41615183›Full record

ArticleDental press journal of orthodontics2026

Comparative evaluation of human ß defensin-2 in GCF and microbial flora in subgingival plaque among patients treated with conventional orthodontic braces and aligners: a prospective clinical study.

Aditi Sharma, Mukesh Kumar, Ekta Yadav, Sumit Kumar, Manish Goyal, Sonal Rastogi

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Dental press journal of orthodontics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Aditi SharmaTeerthanker Mahaveer University, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India).ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-5159
Mukesh KumarTeerthanker Mahaveer University, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India).ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6000-3321
Ekta YadavTeerthanker Mahaveer University, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India).ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7639-442X
Sumit KumarTeerthanker Mahaveer University, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India).ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2139-0530
Manish GoyalTeerthanker Mahaveer University, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India).ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0187-723X
Sonal RastogiTeerthanker Mahaveer University, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India).ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-9366-6772

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the presence of human ß defensin-2 (hBD-2) in GCF and microbial flora in the subgingival plaque, among the patients treated with fixed orthodontic braces and aligners.

methodsSamples of GCF and subgingival plaque were collected from 170 patients (85 conventional metal fixed appliance and 85 aligner patients) at T0 (baseline), T1 (14 days), T2 (1 month) and T3 (3 months). The GCF sample was analyzed for the presence of hBD-2 using ELISA. The subgingival plaque sample was analyzed for the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Treponema denticola using RT-PCR. For statistical analysis, intergroup comparison was done using independent z-test, to compare the presence of hBD-2, as well as the microbial flora. Repeated measure ANOVA with post-hoc analysis was done to evaluate hBD-2 and subgingival plaque at different time periods.

resultsOn intergroup comparison, the presence of hBD-2 was found to be significantly (p≤0.05) greater at T2 and T3 in the conventional than in the aligner group. The presence of the aforementioned bacteria was found to be significantly (p≤ 0.05) greater at T1, T2 and T3 in the conventional braces group than in the aligner group. On intragroup evaluation, for both the parameters, the minimum value was seen at T0 and the maximum, at T3 for the conventional and aligner groups.

conclusionThe levels of hBD-2 and subgingival bacteria was found to be greater in the conventional group than the aligner group.

Indexed as

beta-DefensinsDental PlaqueOrthodontic Appliances, FixedOrthodontic BracketsAdolescentAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansFemaleGingivaHumansMalePorphyromonas gingivalisPrevotella intermediaProspective StudiesTreponema denticolabeta-DefensinsDEFB4A protein, human

Identifiers

PMID41615183
PMCPMC12829916

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