Postmortem submersion interval prediction model based on the rat muscle microbiome.

Objective: Accurate estimation of post-mortem submersion interval (PMSI) is a critical challenge in forensic science. The current research has largely focused on the microbial communities in the skin and gut, which are susceptible to environmental contamination, while the potential of internal tissues remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate whether the microbiome of skeletal muscle, a relatively closed ecosystem, undergoes a predictable succession following submersion in water PMSI and to evaluate its potential for building a high-precision PMSI prediction model, which is independent of the cause of death (drowning vs. post-mortem submersion). Methods: Using 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats, we established drowning (D group) and post-mortem submersion (PS group) models. After submersion in natural aquatic environment for 14 days, skeletal muscle samples were collected at six time. The microbial communities were profiled by high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by analyses of alpha and beta diversity. Based on the observed successional patterns, a two-stage prediction model combining classification and regression algorithms (e.g., random forest, RF) was developed. Results: The skeletal muscle microbiome exhibited a significant and predictable successional pattern, clearly partitioning into an early-phase (0-3 days) and a late-phase (5-14 days) (PERMANOVA, Conclusion: The rat skeletal muscle microbiome undergoes a regular and predictable post-mortem succession unrelated to the cause of death. The stable "microbial clock" within the internal tissue allows the construction of a high-precision two-stage machine learning model for PMSI estimation. Our results establish skeletal muscle as a highly promising new target for forensic microbiology, offering a robust theoretical basis and technical approach to resolving challenges in long-term PMSI estimation.