ReviewOncology letters2026
Three-dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review).
Review in Oncology letters, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models have been cornerstone technologies in cancer research, they possess limitations in replicating human tumor pathophysiology. Notably, 2D models fail to capture key tissue-level architecture and cell-cell interactions, whereas animal models are often constrained by species-specific discrepancies and high costs, which limits their applicability in investigating precise human tumor mechanisms. To overcome these shortcomings, three-dimensional (3D) tumor models have emerged as a powerful complementary platform. The present review comprehensively explores the unique capabilities of 3D models in maintaining tumor heterogeneity, simulating the dynamic tumor microenvironment and accelerating high-throughput drug screening. The present review also highlights the transformative potential of 3D models in personalized medicine and in deciphering the mechanisms underlying metastasis. Finally, the present review proposes a visionary roadmap for
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.