Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41612449›Full record

ArticleReproductive health2026

Contraceptive and sexual health services during the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery: a mixed-methods study in England.

Alexandra Sawyer, Catherine Aicken, Jörg W Huber, Jaime Vera, Deborah Williams, Moazzam Ali, Gabriela Garcia-Camacho, Armando Humberto Seuc, Nigel Sherriff, WHO HRP Social Science Research Team

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Reproductive health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Alexandra SawyerSchool of Education, Sport, and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN1 9PH, England. a.sawyer@brighton.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-6467
Catherine AickenSchool of Education, Sport, and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN1 9PH, England.
Jörg W HuberSchool of Education, Sport, and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN1 9PH, England.
Jaime VeraUniversity Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, CIRU Second Floor, Sussex House, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, BN2 5BE, England.
Deborah WilliamsUniversity Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, CIRU Second Floor, Sussex House, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, BN2 5BE, England.
Moazzam AliDepartment of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (includes the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction [HRP]), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Gabriela Garcia-CamachoDepartment of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (includes the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction [HRP]), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Armando Humberto SeucDepartment of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (includes the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction [HRP]), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Nigel SherriffSchool of Education, Sport, and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN1 9PH, England.
WHO HRP Social Science Research Team

Funding

German Federal Ministry of Health 70918
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSexual and reproductive health (SRH) is essential for public health. COVID-19 led to major disruptions in the provision of essential services including SRH services. Within the context of a multi-country project, this study aimed to explore individual and service-level impacts on contraceptive and sexual health services during the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery phase in England.

methodsA longitudinal, mixed-methods design was implemented, collecting data in two phases, approximately 9 months apart (November 2021 and July 2022). The study comprised in-depth interviews with staff (n = 4) and clients (n = 20) of a sexual health and contraceptive clinical service in the Southeast of England. Over the same timeframe, a quantitative service availability and readiness assessment (SARA) was completed, based on World Health Organization validated tools.

resultsSexual health and contraceptive services continued to operate throughout the pandemic, however measures taken to prevent COVID-19 transmission and staff capacity issues (due to staff redeployment, staff sickness) impacted on patient choice (e.g. how the service could be accessed, methods of contraception available) and patient experience (e.g. delays in accessing healthcare). Despite disruptions, staff described how in-person provision remained available almost continuously for urgent/vulnerable cases. SARA data confirmed service availability, and qualitative data indicate how this was managed. For example, postal home self-sampling for STIs/HIV was expanded and contraceptive counselling by telephone was introduced to reduce clinic visits, and was retained due to popularity. At Time 2, services were running close to normal.

conclusionsCOVID-19 disrupted sexual health and contraceptive services in England. Compared to pre-pandemic, more elements of these services were delivered remotely. Readiness to adapt was aided by the pre-pandemic direction-of-travel towards greater use of digital and telemedicine services. Innovations require robust evaluation to ensure optimisation for public health benefit both in the pandemic and post-pandemic context.

Indexed as

ContraceptionCOVID-19Health Services AccessibilityReproductive Health ServicesAdultEnglandFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesPandemicsSARS-CoV-2Sexual HealthAccess to careContraceptionCOVID-19Health systemsHIV testingMixed-methodsPandemic preparednessSexual healthSTI

Identifiers

PMID41612449
PMCPMC12857002

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.