ArticleBMC medical education2026
Translation, psychometric assessment, and adaptation of the state empathy scale among healthcare students.
Article in BMC medical education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding patients’ experiences, opinions, and feelings is essential for health professionals to assess patients’ real needs and provide optimal treatment. Teaching and assessing healthcare students’ empathy is challenging in an educational context. The English measurement instrument State Empathy Scale, based on the theory of empathy, measures state empathy during message processing and was found to be suitable for measuring state empathy among healthcare students.
methodsThis study aimed to translate and adapt the State Empathy Scale into Norwegian and assess its psychometric properties among healthcare students. The study was conducted among healthcare students at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Participants consisted of 189 students from various healthcare study programs who took part in a VR 360° video learning design conducted during Trauma Week. The translation process followed international guidelines and included independent forward translation, synthesis, back-translation, and expert committee review. Minor adaptations were made to tailor the scale to the healthcare education context. The revised version was field-tested among healthcare students and assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
resultsSmall adjustments to a healthcare student context were made, and the measurement instrument demonstrated good face/content validity. The Norwegian version of the State Empathy Scale’s structural validity was evaluated. It supported a three-factor structure similar to the original English instrument but with three removed items. The measurement instrument demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity and internal consistency.
conclusionsThe translated, adapted, and validated State Empathy Scale 9 - Norwegian version (SES9-No) is reliable and valid for assessing empathy among Norwegian healthcare students. This tool can facilitate the development and evaluation of empathy training programs, ultimately enhancing the quality of patient care.
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