SynthesisBMC psychiatry2026
Bipolar disorder in people with multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Prevalence and risk factors of bipolar disorder in central nervous system autoimmune demyelinating diseases.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammatory demyelination within the central nervous system. It is the second cause of severe disability and poor quality of life (QoL) in young adults. Previous studies have reported wide variation in the prevalence and risk of bipolar disorder (BD) among people with MS (PwMS), highlighting the need for a comprehensive analysis to obtain reliable estimates. This review proposed to investigate the overall prevalence of BD in PwMS and the relationship between BD and MS.
methodsWe conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase for all relevant articles published before January 1, 2025. The meta-analysis was conducted on three different effect sizes: prevalence, odds ratio, and hazard ratio, with their 95% confidence interval (CI). All statistical analyses were done utilizing R software, version 4.4.0, using the “meta” package.
resultsOut of the 3059 studies, 41 involving a total of 219,886 PwMS (71.7% female) and 7,523,553 healthy controls (HCs) (50.4% female), were included. The overall prevalence of BD in PwMS was 3.2% (95% CI: 1.8% to 4.6%, I2 = 97%, p-heterogeneity < 0.01). The pooled hazard ratio of developing BD in PwMS was 2.5 (95% CI: 1.2 to 5.3, p-value = 0.02, I2 = 99%), and its pooled odds ratio was 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1 to 2, p-value < 0.01, I2 = 40%).
conclusionThis study found that the overall prevalence of BD in PwMS was 3.2%, and PwMS have a significantly increased risk of developing BD. This result highlights the importance of regular follow-up and routine psychiatric screening in PwMS for timely diagnosis and management of BD in PwMS. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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