Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41612258›Full record

ArticleBMC psychiatry2026

Association between childhood maltreatment patterns and comorbidity of depression and anxiety in left-behind children: a latent class analysis.

Yudu Liu, Bing Xiang, Jiangxue Wang, Xian Wu, Yanming Li, Can Jiang, Mei Yang, Xinyan Xie, Feng Zhou, Jing Zeng

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Yudu Liu *Research Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430065, China.
Bing Xiang *Research Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430065, China.
Jiangxue WangResearch Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430065, China.
Xian WuResearch Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430065, China.
Yanming LiResearch Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430065, China.
Can JiangSchool of Mathematics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Mei YangResearch Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430065, China.
Xinyan XieResearch Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430065, China.
Feng ZhouResearch Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430065, China. alanz08@126.com.
Jing ZengResearch Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430065, China. zengjing@wust.edu.cn.

Funding

National Social Science Fund of China 20BSH066
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundChildhood maltreatment (CM) represents a significant risk factor for depression and anxiety symptoms, with left-behind children (LBC) demonstrating heightened exposure. Existing studies have been restricted to certain types of CM, and paid little attention to comorbidity of depression and anxiety in LBC. This study aimed to comprehensive assess the association between CM patterns and comorbidity of depression and anxiety in LBC.

methodA total of 7928 LBC was included in this cross-sectional study. Latent class analysis was used to identify the CM patterns. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between CM patterns and comorbidity of depression and anxiety. Subgroup analyses were further used to assess the heterogeneity in the association between CM patterns and comorbidity of depression and anxiety.

resultsThree CM patterns were identified in this study. Compared to LBC from the least maltreatment group, those from the low abuse and high neglect group (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.73–2.21), and severe maltreatment group (OR: 7.83; 95% CI: 6.17–9.93) showed stronger association between CM patterns and comorbidity of depression and anxiety. Notably, subgroup analysis unveiled significant interactions between the sex and CM patterns (P for interaction < 0.05), and female LBC showed stronger association between CM patterns and comorbidity of depression and anxiety.

conclusionsThese findings identify distinct CM-based risk profiles and emphasize the urgent need to develop targeted interventions informed by these patterns among LBC, especially female LBC, to mitigate the risk of unfavorable psychological health outcomes.

Indexed as

AnxietyChild AbuseDepressionChildChinaComorbidityCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansLatent Class AnalysisMaleRisk FactorsUnaccompanied MinorsAnxiety symptomsChildhood maltreatmentComorbidityDepression symptomsLeft-behind children

Identifiers

PMID41612258
PMCPMC12924415

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