Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41612116›Full record

ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2026

Healthcare Staff Perspectives and Experiences of Racism's Impact on Care for Hospitalized Black Adults: A Qualitative Study.

Natalie Sohn, Sofia Weiss Goitiandia, Sharifa Brooks-Smith-Lowe, Catthi Ly, Lorraine M Pereira, Amber N Martin, Desirée Anderson, Cinnamon Rochell Etta, Trymel Harris, Lee Harrison and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Natalie SohnDepartment of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Sofia Weiss GoitiandiaDivision of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Sharifa Brooks-Smith-LoweDivision of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Catthi LyDivision of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Lorraine M PereiraHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Amber N MartinDivision of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Desirée AndersonCommunity Advisory Board Member, RISE Project, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Cinnamon Rochell EttaCommunity Advisory Board Member, RISE Project, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Trymel HarrisCommunity Advisory Board Member, RISE Project, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Lee HarrisonCommunity Advisory Board Member, RISE Project, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Linda HillsCommunity Advisory Board Member, RISE Project, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Stephanie MorganCommunity Advisory Board Member, RISE Project, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Karen D VickersCommunity Advisory Board Member, RISE Project, San Francisco, CA, USA.
James WashingtonCommunity Advisory Board Member, RISE Project, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Sally OhUniversity of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital - Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA.
Elizabeth DzengDivision of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. liz.dzeng@ucsf.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-5235-8053

Funding

Cambia Health Foundation Sojourns Scholars Leadership AwardUCSF Academic Senate Resource Allocation Program Pilot Grants on Anti-Black Racism
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRacial inequities in hospital-based care for Black adults are well-documented, yet the mechanisms by which interpersonal and institutional racism contribute to these inequities remain poorly understood. Non-clinician hospital staff, such as patient care assistants, spend significant time with patients and are often members of minoritized communities, yet their perspectives on racism in the hospital are rarely studied.

objectiveTo investigate non-clinician staff members' perspectives on how interpersonal and institutional racism affect hospital-based care for Black adult patients.

designQualitative study using in-depth, semi-structured interviews and community-based participatory research principles.

participantsFifteen hospital staff members (patient care assistants, custodians, transporters, and ward clerks) from a large, urban, academic medical center on the West Coast. Participants self-identified as Black (27%), Hispanic (20%), and/or Asian (53%). APPROACH: Semi-structured interviews explored respondents' perspectives on racism in the hospital. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. A Community Advisory Board of eight Black individuals provided feedback and member checking. KEY

resultsFive themes emerged from the data: (1) staff members experienced workplace racism; (2) racial stereotypes appeared to contribute to inequitable care for Black patients; (3) institutional factors, such as inadequate staffing, were felt to contribute to inequitable care; (4) individual factors, such as going "above-and-beyond" job responsibilities, helped mitigate inequitable care; and (5) institutional diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) interventions received mixed appraisals, with staff often excluded from initiatives.

conclusionsInequities in hospital-based care for Black patients may have roots in complex interactions between individual biases, workplace discrimination, institutional factors, and systemic underinvestment in non-clinician staff. Respondents perceived that institutional factors, such as inadequate staffing and demanding workloads, amplified racist beliefs, resulting in inequitable care for Black patients. Hospitals should invest in non-clinician hospital staff and address structural factors impeding staff members' ability to provide equitable care to all patients.

Indexed as

Attitude of Health PersonnelBlack or African AmericanHealthcare DisparitiesHealth PersonnelHospitalizationRacismAdultCommunity-Based Participatory ResearchFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedQualitative ResearchHealth equityHospital-based careHospital staffRacismualitative methods

Identifiers

PMID41612116
PMCPMC13569782

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.