Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41611759›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Potential predictors of COVID-19 disease infection and severity in Egypt.

Wedad M Abdelraheem, Raghda Raouf Shady, Wafaa K M Mahdi, Mohamed Ibrahim Bassyouni, Heba S Kamel, Yosra M Mousa, Shiamaa F Kamel, Manal Mohamed Saber, Soha S Abdelrahim

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Wedad M AbdelraheemMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt. wedad.abdelreheam@mu.edu.eg.
Raghda Raouf ShadyMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Wafaa K M MahdiMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Mohamed Ibrahim BassyouniMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Heba S KamelBiochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Yosra M MousaChest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Shiamaa F KamelInternal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Manal Mohamed SaberClinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Soha S AbdelrahimMedical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study aimed to detect the changes in certain immunological parameters and miRNAs in COVID-19 cases with various degrees of disease severity and compare these changes in cases to healthy controls. This study was conducted on 45 COVID-19 patients and 45 healthy controls. The flow cytometry was conducted to study the number of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and evaluate the level of the PD-1 marker on their surfaces for all study participants. The determination of IL-1β and IL-6 in serum for all study subjects was done by ELISA test. Relative gene expression quantitation of miR-146a and miR-133a was performed by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The numbers of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were dramatically reduced in COVID-19 patients, especially in severe to critical patients, with an increase in the CD4 + :CD8 + ratio. T cells from COVID-19 patients had significantly higher levels of the exhausted marker PD-1. Measurement of IL-1β and IL-6 serum levels among cases group showed a highly significant increase in their mean concentration levels in comparison with the control group. Studying the difference in serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 among different degrees of disease severity showed a significant decrease in their mean concentration levels among the mild to moderate group in comparison with the severe to critical group. The results also showed a significant decrease in miR-146a and a significant increase in miR-133a expression in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Reduced T cell counts, increased CD4 + :CD8 + ratio, higher levels of the PD-1 marker, elevated serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased miR-146a and increased miR-133a gene expressions could be used as potential markers in the assessment of COVID-19 infection and severity.

Indexed as

COVID-19AdultBiomarkersCase-Control StudiesCD4-CD8 RatioCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesEgyptFemaleHumansInterleukin-1betaInterleukin-6MaleMicroRNAsMiddle AgedProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorBiomarkersInterleukin-1betaInterleukin-6MicroRNAsMIRN133 microRNA, humanMIRN146 microRNA, humanPDCD1 protein, humanProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorCD4 + :CD8 + ratioCOVID-19IL-1βIL-6miR-133amiR-146aPD-1

Identifiers

PMID41611759
PMCPMC12855883

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.