Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41611712›Full record

ArticleNPJ vaccines2026

Intranasal S-2P and lentinan formulation confers broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs via IFN-γ-dominant mechanisms.

Zhendong Pan, Xu Zheng, Liangliang Jiang, Cuiling Ding, Yangang Liu, Haoran Peng, Yan Liu, Yanhua He, Wanda Tang, Congcong Zhang and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Zhendong Pan *Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Xu Zheng *Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Liangliang Jiang *Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Cuiling DingDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Yangang LiuDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Haoran PengDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Yan LiuDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Yanhua HeDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Wanda TangDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Congcong ZhangDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Dawei WangDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
Xiaoyan ZhangShanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Jianqing XuShanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Zhongtian QiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China. qizt@smmu.edu.cn.
Wen WangClinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. wonwin29@126.com.
Ping ZhaoDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China. pnzhao@163.com.

Funding

Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China 92169206National Key Research & Development Program of China 2022YFC2304100
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Effective respiratory mucosal vaccines remain urgently needed to mitigate the rapid mutation and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we demonstrated that the spike protein (S-2P) of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 acted as a self-adjuvanted antigen for intranasal immunization, inducing robust systemic and mucosal immunity via integrin- and STING-dependent pathways. In contrast, H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) failed to generate measurable serum IgG or mucosal IgA following intranasal immunization. In mice, intranasal S-2P vaccination conferred complete protection against lethal ancestral SARS-CoV-2 challenge and partial cross-protection against heterologous Omicron variants, with both effects being IFN-γ- and CD8 + T cell-dependent. Co-administration of S-2P with the clinical immunomodulator lentinan (LNT) achieved complete protection against Omicron variants, mediated by IFN-γ but largely independent of CD8 + T cells. These findings establish S-2P + LNT as a safe, broad-spectrum mucosal vaccine candidate against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and reveal novel protection mechanisms beyond neutralizing antibodies and T cell immunity.

Identifiers

PMID41611712
PMCPMC12960657

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.