Observational studyBMJ open2026
Patterns in meperidine distribution and associations with income and obesity in the USA and Puerto Rico between 2019 and 2023: a retrospective study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesMeperidine, once viewed as relatively safe, is now discouraged in clinical settings due to its associated risks. Previous studies have identified a significant decrease in meperidine distribution across the USA from 2000 to 2021. Regional disparities accompanied this decline. The goal of this study was to investigate if the decrease in meperidine distribution has continued in recent years, 2019-2023, and if regional variations persist. This investigation also aimed to identify correlates of meperidine distribution, including adult obesity prevalence and annual income, to provide insight into the regional variation.
designRetrospective observational study using data from the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System Drug Retail Summary Reports by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the US Census Bureau.
settingUSA, including Puerto Rico.
participantsUS population. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the meperidine distribution across the US between 2019 and 2023. Secondary outcomes included associations between meperidine distribution and adult obesity prevalence and median household income.
resultsTotal meperidine distribution across the USA dropped by 57.8% from 2019 to 2023. A substantial geographic variation was found with southern states accounting for the second, third and fourth highest in meperidine use per capita in 2023, only behind Puerto Rico. In contrast, northeastern states accounted for four of the five lowest states. A significant relationship was found between annual income and meperidine distribution in 2022 (r(49) = -0.38, p<0.005) and 2023 (r(49) = -0.58, p<0.0001). A significant relationship was also observed between adult obesity prevalence and meperidine distribution in 2023 (r(50) = +0.35, p=0.01) in addition to a non-significant positive trend between the two variables in 2022 (r(52) = +0.24, p=0.078).
conclusionOur study revealed a continued decrease in meperidine distribution and sustained presence of geographical variation from 2019 to 2023. Furthermore, novel relationships were identified between meperidine distribution, annual income and adult obesity prevalence.
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