ArticlePloS one2026
Investigation of the drug release modifying property of Pentadesma butyracea gum in diclofenac sodium matrix tablets.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNatural gums have long served as essential excipients in pharmaceutical formulations, traditionally functioning as binders, disintegrants, suspending agents, and emulsifiers. Their role has expanded to include drug delivery carriers in advanced systems such as matrix formulations, gene therapy, and nanomedicine. Increasing attention has been given to natural gums over synthetic alternatives due to their non-toxicity, biodegradability, affordability, and availability. This study investigated the potential of Pentadesma butyracea gum as a matrix-forming agent for the extended release of diclofenac sodium.
methodsThe crude gum was harvested from the stem bark of Pentadesma butyracea and purified using ethanol precipitation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to assess potential interactions between the gum, diclofenac sodium, and other excipients. Matrix tablets (PM01-PM05) containing varying concentrations (15-35% w/w) of the purified gum were prepared via wet granulation, along with a control batch (PM06) lacking the gum. Additionally, the PM01 formulation was optimised by incorporating xanthan gum at concentrations of 10-20%w/w (PM01A-PM01C). All formulations were assessed for weight and dimensional uniformity, mechanical integrity, drug content, and in vitro release characteristics. Comparative dissolution profiles were assessed against an innovator brand using the similarity (f₂) and difference (f₁) factors. Drug release kinetics and mechanisms were analysed using appropriate mathematical models.
resultsAll batches passed the uniformity of weight and dimensions tests, drug content (99.11-101.87%), friability (0.25-0.79%), hardness (7.74-8.83 Kgf), and tensile strength (1.29-1.49 MPa). The control batch (PM06) failed to meet dissolution criteria, releasing only 60.46% of diclofenac sodium within 45 minutes. In contrast, formulations containing P. butyracea gum exhibited a gradual, concentration-dependent, time-mediated release, with all test batches (PM01-PM05) releasing over 50% of the drug within 45 minutes. Among the optimised formulations, PM01C exhibited a modified release profile, with 19.90 ± 0.508% of the drug released at 2 hours and 100.26 ± 2.118% at 24 hours, consistent with the British Pharmacopoeia standards. The release profile of PM01C was comparable to the reference product (f₂ = 79.35; f₁ = 2.93) and followed zero-order kinetics. PM01A and PM01B exhibited Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics. Mechanistically, drug release occurred via non-Fickian diffusion for PM01C and Fickian diffusion for PM01A and PM01B.
conclusionA matrix system comprising 15%w/w P. butyracea gum and ≥ 20%w/w xanthan gum effectively extended the release of diclofenac sodium over 24 hours, demonstrating its potential application in extended-release formulations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.