ArticleMarine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)2026
Marine Bioceramic Generation for Bone Tissue Regeneration: Sea Urchin (Echinometra mathaei) Exoskeleton-Derived Calcium Carbonate as a Precursor for Hydroxyapatite Synthesis, Incorporated into Chitosan Based-Hydrogel and 3D-Printed PCL Scaffold for Osteogenic Differentiation.
Article in Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The marine environment is a rich and diverse habitat, home to numerous organisms that serve as valuable sources of biological and pharmacological compounds. The skeletal structures of many marine invertebrates represent precursors for calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics. This study demonstrates hydroxyapatite (HA) synthesis from sea urchin (Echinometra mathaei) shell and spine, a sustainable CaCO₃ source. FTIR and XRD analysis revealed the presence of characteristic peaks associated with hydroxyapatite. SEM-EDS observations indicated that synthesis parameters determined the calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca/P) and morphology of the derived calcium phosphate bioceramic. HA-based hydrogels play an important role in bone tissue engineering due to their high biocompatibility. The hydrogels were formulated as follows: a control group of oxidized carboxymethyl chitosan/cellulose (O-CMC/CEL), a composite group with commercial hydroxyapatite (O-CMC/CEL/HA), and two experimental composite groups containing HA synthesized from sea urchin spine (O-CMC/CEL/HA (spine-derived)) and shell (O-CMC/CEL/HA (shell-derived)). Four groups of hydrogels melded on 3D print frames to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). SEM, FTIR, water contact angle, swelling rate, and live/dead assay results indicated that the porous composite hydrogels possessed a suitable microarchitecture, featuring appropriate pore size and interconnectivity, which promotes nutrient permeability, cell attachment, cell survival, and proliferation. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis indicated an upregulation of key osteogenic markers in ADSCs cultured on these composites, suggesting their potential to support osteogenic differentiation. The collective in vitro evidence indicates that the O-CMC/CEL/HA (spine-derived) composite hydrogel, with its suitable physicochemical properties and positive cellular responses, represents a promising biomaterial for future bone tissue engineering studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41609850What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.