SynthesisEuropean journal of neurology2026
Subcutaneous Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in European journal of neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Therapeutic potential of spirulina and its bioactive compound phycocyanin in neuropsychiatric disorders.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMany Parkinson's disease patients receiving oral levodopa/carbidopa experience a troublesome wearing off effect. Higher doses to mitigate OFF-time are limited by adverse effects occurring at peak dopamine levels, particularly dyskinesia. A novel strategy to reduce OFF-time without increasing peak dopamine levels is the continuous subcutaneous infusion of levodopa/carbidopa, or their prodrug equivalents foslevodopa/foscarbidopa.
objectivesAssess whether subcutaneous infusion therapies safely reduce OFF-time and improve quality of life scores compared to oral levodopa/carbidopa.
methodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and ICTRP up to 28th October 2024 for clinical trials comparing subcutaneous infusions of levodopa or foslevodopa to oral levodopa in Parkinson's disease.
resultsScreening of 1114 records identified seven studies in which 725 patients received subcutaneous infusion regimens of levodopa/carbidopa (ND0612) (407 patients) or foslevodopa/foscarbidopa (318 patients). Moderate quality evidence indicated subcutaneous infusion reduced the daily duration of OFF-time by 1.98 h (p = 0.0004). Moderate quality evidence indicated improvements in health-related quality of life score PDQ-39 (p = 0.0003) and sleep score PDSS-2 (p = 0.02), but an increase in the rate of treatment-emergent adverse events, mostly related to the infusion site (p = 0.04).
conclusionsSubcutaneous infusion therapies produce a clinically and statistically significant reduction in the duration of OFF-time experienced by patients with Parkinson's disease, compared to oral levodopa/carbidopa. Patient experience is improved by a statistically, but not clinically, significant degree. There are increased adverse events, mostly related to the infusion site. Overall, subcutaneous infusion regimens could provide a meaningful alternative for Parkinson's disease patients who experience severe motor fluctuations with existing levodopa formulations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.