Observational studyInternational clinical psychopharmacology2026
An observational study on the effects of as-needed use of various antipsychotic drugs for agitation due to psychotic disorders.
Observational study in International clinical psychopharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This multicenter, 6-month naturalistic observational study investigated the time from as-needed (PRN) administration of psychotropic medications to the onset of calming in patients with acute psychotic disorders. Newly admitted patients exhibiting moderate to marked agitation on the Agitation-Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES) and requiring PRN treatment were included, and 170 first agitation episodes were analyzed. The primary outcome was time to onset of effect, defined as achieving ACES = 3. Medication refusal at baseline was far more frequent in patients with injectable formulations than those with oral or sublingual agents (65.5% vs. 4.3%). Kaplan-Meier estimates showed mean onset times (minutes) for oral/sublingual drugs as follows: asenapine sublingual, 30.0; olanzapine orally disintegrating tablet, 31.9; quetiapine, 46.6; and risperidone oral solution, 34.5. Using Cox proportional hazards models with asenapine as reference, quetiapine demonstrated a significantly lower hazard of achieving calming (hazard ratio 0.39), while risperidone showed a nonsignificant trend. For injectable antipsychotics, mean onset times were: olanzapine intramuscular, 36.3; haloperidol intramuscular, 47.5; and haloperidol intravenous, 45.0, with no significant differences among them. No serious adverse events were observed. The findings suggest that asenapine sublingual may offer faster calming in patients without refusal, and that future studies with shorter assessment intervals are warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.