ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2025
Chemical disinfection of
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Objective: This study aimed to establish a rigorous, data-driven hierarchy for the efficacy of common chemical disinfectants against Methods: We employed a multi-modal approach. Spores were treated with rapid-acting (75% ethanol, 1% hydrogen peroxide, chlorine-based agent) and long-acting (nano-silver, quaternary ammonium compounds-QACs) disinfectants. Sporicidal effects were evaluated via flow cytometry using ethidium bromide (EB) staining. Functional infectivity was quantified in Vero cells using a species-specific TaqMan qPCR assay targeting intracellular spore DNA. A murine model was used to assess the capacity of treated spores to establish systemic infection, quantified by spore DNA load in blood and kidney tissue. Results: Flow cytometry revealed that 75% ethanol caused significant membrane damage (~51% EB-positive spores in 20 min) but failed to consistently abolish infectivity in cell culture or mice. Chlorine-based agents and hydrogen peroxide demonstrated potent, time-dependent inactivation, achieving >96 and 100% infectivity reduction in cells and mice, respectively, within 60 min. Notably, chlorine agents rendered spores non-infectious without inducing proportional EB uptake, indicating a mechanism distinct from gross membrane disruption. The long-acting disinfectant QACs necessitated an extended contact time (up to 5 h) to achieve complete prevention of Conclusion: The chlorine-based disinfectant and hydrogen peroxide (rapid-acting), as well as the quaternary ammonium compound (long-acting), all effectively eliminated the infectivity of
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