Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41607873›Full record

ArticleContemporary clinical trials communications2026

Evaluating a negotiation training program for family caregivers of older people using a Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) design and protocol.

Charlie Olvera, Vanessa Ramirez-Zohfeld, Alaine Murawski, Angela Fidler Pfammatter, Lee A Lindquist

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Contemporary clinical trials communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04837937 (Negotiation Training to Optimize Caregiver Communication in Alzheimer's Disease), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04837937 nacompletednot on this map

Negotiation Training to Optimize Caregiver Communication in Alzheimer's Disease

TypeinterventionalSponsorNorthwestern UniversityRan2023 to 2024Enrolled132ConditionsAlzheimer Disease, Cognitive ImpairmentArmsCaregiver vs. Patient [Beginner], Caregiver vs. Caregiver, Caregiver vs. Physician, Caregiver vs. Patient [Advanced]
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Charlie OlveraNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Chicago, IL, USA.
Vanessa Ramirez-ZohfeldNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Chicago, IL, USA.
Alaine MurawskiNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Chicago, IL, USA.
Angela Fidler PfammatterUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, Department of Public Health, Knoxville, TN, USA.
Lee A LindquistNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Chicago, IL, USA.

Funding

Negotiation Training to Optimize Caregiver Communication in Alzheimer's DiseaseR01AG068421 · NIA · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI LINDQUIST, LEE A · 2020 to 2024
$3.8M
NIA NIH HHS R01 AG068421
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Traditional clinical trial designs such as the isolated two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) do not offer robust solutions for evaluating and optimizing delivery of complex, multi-component behavioral interventions. A recent alternative design, the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST), addresses many shortcomings of the isolated two-arm RCT. The MOST framework for trial design provides researchers opportunities to perform independent evaluations of intervention content, dosage levels, delivery formats, and potential intra-intervention interactions. Results from factorial trials which implement MOST frameworks are used to optimize ongoing interventions.Herein, we describe the protocol for a MOST RCT which evaluates NegotiAge, an artificial intelligence-based negotiation and dispute resolution training program for family caregivers of older adults. Many family caregivers experience conflicts as they support older adult care recipients. Teaching negotiation skills to family caregivers has potential to improve communication and resolve conflicts more efficiently. The trial evaluation of NegotiAge eschews traditional two-arm RCT design and instead employs the MOST framework. Our MOST trial tests eight treatment combination packages against one another and evaluates associations between specific treatment combinations and user-centered outcomes.This research is the first to apply the MOST framework in geriatrics and family caregiving. Our use of the MOST framework to evaluate and optimize NegotiAge enables us to identify which components are most effective for family caregivers and isolate the interactional effects of each component. The protocol and eventual results of our MOST trial will demonstrate how to optimize an intervention to be efficient and potent for busy family caregivers of older adults. Trial registration ID: NCT04837937.

Indexed as

Behavioral interventionCaregiversClinical protocolFamily caregiversGeriatricsMOSTMultiphase optimization strategyNegotiationProtocol

Identifiers

PMID41607873
PMCPMC12834839

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.