Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41605923›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

A water-soluble copolymer for storage and electron conversion in photocatalytic on-demand hydrogen evolution.

Marco Hartkorn, Robin Kampes, Felix Müller, Linda Zedler, Akuila Edwards, Philip Rohland, Alexander K Mengele, Stefan Zechel, Martin D Hager, Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić and 4 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Marco HartkornInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9056-8233
Robin KampesLaboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
Felix MüllerInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
Linda ZedlerInstitute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP) Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-6625
Akuila EdwardsInstitute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP) Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
Philip RohlandLaboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
Alexander K MengeleInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6496-3429
Stefan ZechelLaboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
Martin D HagerLaboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
Benjamin Dietzek-IvanšićInstitute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP) Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
Michael SchmittInstitute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP) Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3807-3630
Jürgen PoppInstitute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP) Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-593X
Ulrich S SchubertLaboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. ulrich.schubert@uni-jena.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4978-4670
Sven RauInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. sven.rau@uni-ulm.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9635-6009

Funding

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) 364549901 - TRR 234 [A1]Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) 364549901 - TRR 234 [C2]Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) Projektnummer 364549901 - TRR 234 [B2]
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cost- and energy-efficient long-term storage of excess solar energy remains a major bottleneck in the transition to a sustainable society. Here, we present a water-soluble redox-active copolymer containing viologen moieties that can be charged with electrons upon visible light irradiation using a tris[4,4'-bis(tert-butyl)-2,2'-bipyridine]ruthenium(II) complex as chromophore. In the presence of a sacrificial donor, the system achieves charging efficiencies above 80% and fully maintains this state for several days. Subsequent acidification and the addition of various catalysts enable on-demand usage of the stored electrons for proton reduction to hydrogen with up to 72% efficiency. The system further demonstrates reversibility via a simple pH switch, allowing multiple charging, storage, and catalysis cycles without time-consuming polymer isolation. The present study presents a direct on-demand hydrogen evolution method through discharging of a water-soluble polymer that functions as a temporary energy and electron storage material.

Identifiers

PMID41605923
PMCPMC12855798

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.