SynthesisEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2026
Systematic review and meta-analysis on the health effects of long-term exposure to ultrafine particles.
Synthesis in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advancing Long-Term Outdoor Air Pollution Exposure Assessment for Health Studies: Lessons from a Multinational Research Initiative.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- Ultrafine Particles and Mortality: A Scoping Review of Epidemiologic Evidence and Exposure Assessment Limitations.Toxics · 2026Review
- Changes of Long-Term Exposure to Ultrafine Particles From 2010 to 2019 in High Income Countries in Relation to Cardiovascular Diseases.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUltrafine particles (≤100 nm diameter) may have a higher toxicity than larger particles but are still not regulated nor part of routine air pollution monitoring. So far, health effects of long-term exposure to ambient ultrafine particles are not well understood, owing to a lack of exposure data and epidemiological studies.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the health effects of long-term exposure to ultrafine particles, including studies published until December 2024. A meta-analysis was conducted for outcomes with at least four available effect estimates. Confidence in the body of evidence was evaluated using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation method.
resultsWe identified 85 studies investigating various mortality, morbidity and subclinical outcomes. In meta-analyses of single-pollutant models, we found positive associations with natural mortality (hazard ratio 1.06, 95% CI 1.04-1.08) and C-reactive protein (10.14% increase (95% CI -0.51-21.99%) per 10 000 pt·cm
conclusionThe evidence base on long-term health effects of ultrafine particles has increased substantially in the past decade, while the overall evidence for independent effects of long-term ultrafine particle exposure remains inadequate to low. More studies are needed to draw firm conclusions about the independent adverse effects of long-term ultrafine particles on various health end-points, with a special focus on the influence of co-pollutant adjustment.
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Registered trials
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