ArticleJournal of medical Internet research2026
Characteristics Influencing Support for the National Health Service COVID-19 App in England and Wales: Findings From a Longitudinal Survey.
Article in Journal of medical Internet research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe use of proximity (contact) tracing mobile phone apps during the COVID-19 pandemic to support manual contact tracing was novel. Uptake of the app was lower than expected.
objectiveWe sought to identify distinct subgroups of individuals based on their level of support for the National Health Service (NHS) COVID-19 app in the first 15 months of the app's implementation, and to identify the attitudes and characteristics associated with membership of more and less supportive groups.
methodsWe conducted 8 waves of a longitudinal survey data of smartphone users, recruited from an online panel (n=2023 at baseline and n=1198 at survey wave 6) between October 14, 2020, and December 13, 2021. We used latent class analysis to identify subgroups of individuals with different inclinations of support for the NHS COVID-19 app. Sankey diagram analysis was used to assess individuals whose subgroup changed over the study period. We estimated population-weighted multinomial logistic regression models using sociodemographic characteristics as independent variables.
resultsWe identified 4 subgroups in survey waves 1 to 4-"not supportive" (1765/7210, 25%), "ambivalent" (2124/7210, 30%), "somewhat supportive" (1421/7219, 20%), and "completely supportive" (1900/7210, 26%). At wave 5, a total of 3 subgroups of support for the app emerged-"not supportive" (549/1613, 34%), "ambivalent" (497/1613, 31%), and "supportive" (567/1613, 35%). From wave 6 onward, the results showed 4 subgroups emerging-"least supportive" (1568/6952, 23%), "less supportive" (1179/6952, 17%), "ambivalent" (2105/6952, 30%), and "supportive" (2100/6952, 29%). The majority of respondents remained within their identified subgroups between survey waves. Among those who moved into different subgroups, most moved into a less supportive subgroup. Exceptions to this were from waves 2 to 3 and from waves 3 to 4, when higher percentages of respondents moved into more supportive subgroups. The biggest movement to less supportive subgroups occurred after wave 1 (October 2020), when 38% (2740/7210) of respondents moved into a less supportive subgroup. The biggest movement to more supportive subgroups, on the other hand, occurred after wave 2, when 22% (1586/7210) of respondents moved into more supportive subgroups. Over the course of the 8 waves, the percentage of respondents in supportive subgroups declined from 56% (3353/5988) to 29% (1737/5988). Key characteristics of more supportive individuals included having higher levels of trust in the government to control the spread of COVID-19 and having the app installed, while those less concerned about the risk COVID-19 posed to the country were more likely to be unsupportive (P<.05).
conclusionsWhen the app was launched, just over half of respondents were supportive, but this declined over the following 15 months. The attrition in support poses important challenges for governments to the use of apps in future pandemics. A potential reason was mistrust in the government's handling of the pandemic.
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