Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41604615›Full record

Observational studyNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2026

Peripheral Immune Remodeling After Spinal Cord Injury: Marked by Expansion of CD38

Naomi Veeningen, Ana Laura Añé-Kourí, Astrid Pues, Serina Rubio, Judith Fraussen, Charalampia Ioannou, Dries S Martens, Charlotte C M van Laake-Geelen, Jens Deckers, Erwin M J Cornips and 5 more

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Naomi VeeningenDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0001-7816-023X
Ana Laura Añé-KouríDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-1426-3162
Astrid PuesDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-0481-8283
Serina RubioDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-5841-2142
Judith FraussenDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-0272-8209
Charalampia IoannouCentre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-4401-671X
Dries S MartensCentre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0001-7893-3642
Charlotte C M van Laake-GeelenAdelante Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
Jens DeckersDepartment of Neurosurgery, Algemeen Ziekenhuis (AZ) Turnhout, Belgium.ORCID 0009-0005-2669-5052
Erwin M J CornipsDepartment of Neurosurgery, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium.
Sven BampsDepartment of Neurosurgery, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.ORCID 0009-0008-5231-1026
Griet GysembergUniversity MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt/Pelt, Belgium.ORCID 0009-0008-4173-3186
Jana Van BroeckhovenDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-2884-1763
Niels HellingsDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-2308-406X
Helena SlaetsDepartment of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-9629-436X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesSpinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with severe immunologic changes, such as SCI-induced immune deficiency syndrome, which heightens susceptibility to infections. However, the immune components underlying this immune reorganization remain poorly defined. This study aimed to characterize immune remodeling in patients with SCI across different time points postinjury.

methodsHigh-dimensional flow cytometric profiling was performed on peripheral blood samples from patients with SCI in a cross-sectional observational study to assess immune changes at different postinjury time points. Patients in the subacute phase (22-67 days of postinjury [dpi]) and chronic phase (≥365 dpi) were compared with healthy, sex-matched, and age-matched controls.

resultsAlterations in the T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell compartments were observed, particularly in the subacute phase postinjury. Memory T cells and NK cells showed elevated expression of the NAD DISCUSSION: These findings reveal noteworthy changes in immune cell activation and exhaustion markers that may contribute to immune vulnerability after SCI, offering novel insights into potential therapeutic targets, such as NAD

Indexed as

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1CTLA-4 AntigenKiller Cells, NaturalProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorSpinal Cord InjuriesT-LymphocytesAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMembrane GlycoproteinsMiddle AgedADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1CD38 protein, humanCTLA-4 AntigenCTLA4 protein, humanMembrane GlycoproteinsPDCD1 protein, humanProgrammed Cell Death 1 Receptor

Identifiers

PMID41604615
PMCPMC12854485

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.