Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41604100›Full record

ArticleBrazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]2026

Enterotoxin and biofilm producing Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA isolates from animal source foods sold in Assam.

Vishnu Raghavendran Av, Zunjar Baburao Dubal, Vinodh Kumar O R, Rahul Kolhe, Himani Dhanze, Shriya Rawat, Rajiv Ranjan Kumar, K N Viswas

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Article in Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology], 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Vishnu Raghavendran AvDivision of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Zunjar Baburao DubalDivision of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India. drzunjar@yahoo.co.in.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3140-4732
Vinodh Kumar O RDivision of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Rahul KolheDepartment of Veterinary Public Health, KNP College of Veterinary Science, Shirwal, 412801, India.
Himani DhanzeDivision of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Shriya RawatDepartment of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut, India.
Rajiv Ranjan KumarICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road Meerut Cantt., Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
K N ViswasICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru campus, Hebbal, 560024, Karnataka, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Animal-derived foods (ADF) are carriers of toxin-producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus strains, posing a global food safety risk. We evaluated the toxin and biofilm production capabilities of S. aureus isolates from ADF marketed in Assam, India. Of the 138 staphylococcal isolates, 29 (21.01%) were identified as S. aureus, mostly isolated from raw milk. Resistance to chloramphenicol (13.79%), erythromycin (68.96%), penicillin (93.10%), enrofloxacin (20.68%), tetracycline (55.17%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (20.68%), linezolid (6.89%), cefoxitin (55.17%), and oxacillin (48.27%) was noted. Approximately 82.75% isolates were MDR, whereas 27.58% carried mecA gene, indicating methicillin-resistant S. aureus. PCR toxinotyping revealed pvl (20.69%), sea (37.93%), and sed (17%) genes. Additionally, 6.89% isolates harbored seb, sei, and tst genes; all lacked eta, etb, see, seg genes. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in sea and sei genes across food sources. Biofilm-forming genes were detected as icaA (65.51%), icaB (34%), icaC (48.27%), icaD (27.58%), clfA (51.72%), clfB and fnbA (44.82%). At least one biofilm-associated gene was found in 72.41% of isolates, while two or more genes were present in 80.95%. Approximately 87.5% of mecA-positive isolates contained at least one biofilm-associated gene. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted in icaA, icaD, clfB, and fnbA across the different ADF sources.

Indexed as

BiofilmsEnterotoxinsMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusMilkStaphylococcus aureusAnimalsAnti-Bacterial AgentsDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialFood MicrobiologyIndiaMicrobial Sensitivity TestsStaphylococcal InfectionsAnti-Bacterial AgentsEnterotoxinsAnimal-origin foodsBiofilm-formingS. aureusToxinotyping

Identifiers

PMID41604100
PMCPMC12852551

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.