ArticleJournal of hospital medicine2026
Differences in antibiotic treatment for children hospitalized with pneumonia.
Article in Journal of hospital medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrior work has identified disparities in antibiotic use for children in the ambulatory setting, but few studies have explored antibiotic disparities in the inpatient setting.
objectivesWe evaluated the association of both race and ethnicity and Childhood Opportunity Index (COI) with antibiotic utilization for children hospitalized with pneumonia.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included children hospitalized with pneumonia at one of 43 hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System (2022-2024). We evaluated the association between race and ethnicity and COI quintiles (very low quintile representing the lowest opportunity neighborhoods) and antibiotic utilization using generalized estimating equations adjusted for confounders. Antibiotic utilization included any antibiotics and among children with antibiotics, use of broad- versus narrow-spectrum and intravenous versus oral antibiotics.
resultsAmong 49,332 children, compared with non-Hispanic White children, we found higher odds of receiving antibiotics among Asian (86% vs. 80%; odds ratio [OR]: 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14, 1.84]) and non-Hispanic Black children (83% vs. 80%; OR: 1.59 [1.17, 2.15]). Hispanic children had greater odds receiving broad- rather than narrow-spectrum antibiotics (52% vs. 46%; OR: 1.30 [1.03, 1.63]). Compared with non-Hispanic White children, all other groups had greater odds of intravenous rather than oral antibiotics. Compared with children in the very high COI quintile, children in the very low COI quintile had greater odds of receiving antibiotics (86% vs. 79%; OR: 1.69 [1.12, 2.55]) and broad-spectrum antibiotics.
conclusionChildren of some minoritized backgrounds and those residing in the lowest opportunity neighborhoods had greater odds of receiving antibiotics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and intravenous antibiotics for pneumonia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.