ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2025
Risk factor analysis of
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate microbiological risk factors associated with Methods: Following multistage cluster sampling design a total of 941 samples from three nodes (retailers, restaurants, consumer households) were collected. The retailers' samples ( Results: At the retail level, significant risk factors included unclean costumes (OR = 2.130, 95% CI, 1.348-3.367) and selling chicken meat in open space (OR = 1.675, 95% CI, 1.063-2.640). Conversely, trimmed nails (OR = 0.247, 95% CI, 0.154-0.398) and using glass covers (OR = 0.636, 95% CI, 0.404-1.00) for retail outlets were protective factors. At the restaurant level, using raw vegetables as garnish (OR = 4.257, 95% CI, 1.181-15.345) had significantly higher odds of pathogen presence. Protective factors included using separate cutting boards or knives (OR = 0.153, 95% CI, 0.052-0.447) and keeping bulk-cooked products hot (OR = 0.322, 95% CI, 0.113-0.920). At the consumer level, washing hands only before handling (OR = 12.60, 95% CI, 3.124-50.82) was found to be a significant risk factor. Protective factors included using separate cutting boards/knives for raw meat and vegetables (OR = 0.067, 95% CI, 0.017-0.262) and adding raw vegetables during cooking instead of adding after cooking (OR = 0.175, 95% CI, 0.052-0.585). Discussion: Findings indicate that retail-stage infrastructure and hygiene practices are primary drivers of contamination, and that pragmatic interventions are likely to reduce downstream foodborne risk.
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Registered trials
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