ArticleRSC applied polymers2026
High-throughput bioprinted 3D cultures for probing host-pathogen interactions in bioinspired microenvironments.
Article in RSC applied polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
The microenvironment of immune cells is an important regulator of their function and fate. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems provide opportunities for probing immune cell responses to invading pathogens in microenvironments with biophysical and biochemical properties inspired by human tissues. Yet, the low throughput and manual preparation of many 3D culture models present challenges for translation of assays and their broad and accessible use for studying host-pathogen interactions. To address this, we established a high-throughput macrophage-bacteria co-culture model that mimics lung tissue stiffness across healthy and diseased conditions. Using bioprinting, human THP-1 monocytes were encapsulated and differentiated into macrophages within synthetic extracellular matrices (ECMs) fabricated with well-defined polymer and peptide bioinks in a 96-well plate format. Macrophages retained viability and displayed immunocompetence, including phenotype, phagocytosis, and response to stimuli. Macrophages in fibrosis-inspired 'stiffer' (storage modulus (
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