ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Breast milk-saliva interactions in shaping early mucosal immunity.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Changes in saliva composition during different training phases in professional football players.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The neonatal period is characterized by immunological immaturity, rendering newborns vulnerable to infections at mucosal surfaces such as the oral and gastrointestinal tracts. Breast milk, traditionally recognized for its nutritional and immunological roles, and neonatal saliva, once considered a passive secretion, interact biochemically to create a synergistic defense system. These interactions include the xanthine oxidase-lactoperoxidase system, which generates hydrogen peroxide and hypothiocyanite, compounds with potent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Beyond immediate antimicrobial action, these factors regulate mucosal barrier integrity, immune gene expression, and glycosylation processes. This review integrates recent findings on the compositional elements, biochemical pathways, and immunological outcomes of breast milk-saliva interactions, emphasizing their roles in shaping early mucosal immunity, establishing beneficial microbiota, and promoting immune tolerance. These insights also highlight potential strategies to enhance artificial infant formulas and therapeutic interventions for neonatal care.
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Registered trials
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