ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Antigenic assessment for the β2-glycoprotein I/Platelet factor 4 complex in thrombotic patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Myocardial Injury in Rheumatic Diseases: Immune and Microcirculatory and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiomyopathies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Targeting the pMHC-TCR Interaction: Molecular Strategies and Therapeutic Potential in Autoimmunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The hidden threat: understanding anti-PF4 disorders without proximate heparin exposure.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterized by recurrent thrombosis, pregnancy-related complications and circulating antiphospholipid antibodies, including anti-β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI). Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a pro-coagulant protein expressed by activated platelets. It is considered a potential platelet ligand for oxidized β2-GPI, and this interaction may play a role in the thrombotic manifestations of APS. This study aims to assess β2-GPI/PF4 complex autoantibodies in sera of thrombotic patients with APS and their potential functional role in platelet activation. Methods: We analysed sera from 73 patients with thrombotic APS, 20 with obstetric APS, 20 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 20 with non-APS thrombosis, 3 with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), 20 with COVID-19 and 45 healthy donors (HDs). These samples were tested by ELISA for antibodies to the β2-GPI/PF4 complex after Results: Anti-β2-GPI/PF4 were detected in 34.24% of thrombotic APS patients and 20% of obstetric APS. All VITT and none of the SLE, non-APS thrombosis, COVID-19 patients and HDs were positive for anti-β2-GPI/PF4. In thrombotic APS, a significant association was found between anti-β2-GPI/PF4 positivity and antibody titer with venous thrombotic complications (p = 0.032, p = 0.01) as well as between anti-β2-GPI/PF4 and triple positivity to conventional aPLs (p = 0.028). Notably, antibody titer correlated with the young age both at diagnosis (p<0.001) and at the current evaluation (p=0.001). Moreover, HDs' platelets, Conclusion: This study demonstrated the presence of anti-β2-GPI/PF4 in patients with APS, where it may be involved in the mechanism underlying the hypercoagulable state and correlated with a greater risk of developing thrombosis, especially in the young population.
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