ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026
Repeat Influenza Vaccination Effects in 2021/22 and 2022/23 in a Community-Based Cohort in Hong Kong.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Population immunity, post-vaccine and post-infection antibody responses to influenza A (H3N2) subclade J.2 and K (J.2.4.1) viruses, Hong Kong, 2025.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRepeated influenza vaccination has been associated with attenuated immune responses and reduced clinical effectiveness. Most studies have focused on the responses at 30 days post-vaccination. As influenza did not circulate in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic, we were able to investigate vaccine responses in the absence of infections.
methodsIn this community-based cohort study in Hong Kong, we investigated the impact of repeated annual influenza vaccination on antibody titer boosting and waning rates of 8 contemporary vaccine strains in 2021/22 and 2022/23, using hemagglutination inhibition assays. We estimated the impact of repeat vaccination on mean fold rises and on post-vaccination titers. We investigated differences by vaccination history in titer waning rates using a power law model.
resultsWe found differences in post-vaccination geometric mean and mean fold rises in titers against several vaccine strains in repeat vaccinees in 2022/23 compared to 2021/22. However, although participants with higher vaccination uptake had significantly slower antibody waning against A/Victoria/2570/2019, B/Phuket/3073/2013, and B/Austria/1359417/2019, they reached similar antibody titers at 6 months post-vaccination.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that repeated influenza vaccination is associated with reduced titer increase at day 14 post-vaccination, but has less impact on antibody levels at 6 months post-vaccination.
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