Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41600883›Full record

ArticleViruses2026

Cognitive Flexibility and Inhibition Deficits in HIV and Cocaine Dependence: Evidence from Stroop and Trail Making Tests.

Sarah E Nigro, Minjie Wu, Betty Jo Salmeron, Sharmin Islam-Souleimanova, Eve Lauer, Anthony C Juliano, Alinda R Lord, Atash Sabet, Lisa H Lu, T Celeste Napier and 4 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Sarah E NigroDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2359-027X
Minjie WuDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Betty Jo SalmeronOffice of the Clinical Director, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1699-9333
Sharmin Islam-SouleimanovaNeuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Eve LauerNeuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Anthony C JulianoDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7433-6891
Alinda R LordDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8450-5871
Atash SabetDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Lisa H LuDepartment of Psychology, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6403-7035
T Celeste NapierDepartment of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Audrey L FrenchDepartment of Medicine, CORE Center/Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Howard J AizensteinDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Yihong YangNeuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1035-5038
Shaolin YangDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.

Funding

NIH HHS 1P30AI082151-05
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo better define potential executive function difficulties in individuals living with HIV but not clinically identified as having HAND, with and without mild to moderate cocaine dependence (CD), our cross-sectional study examined executive function performance on the Stroop Color-Word Test (Stroop) and the Trail Making Test (TMT) in four groups stratified by HIV and CD status.

methodWe recruited 101 participants (26 HIV+/CD+; 18 HIV+/CD-; 30 HIV-/CD+; 27 HIV-/CD-). We utilized a 2 (HIV: yes/no) × 2 (Cocaine: yes/no) MANCOVA while controlling for age and premorbid intelligence on the Stroop trials (i.e., color-naming, word-reading, interference), and TMT-A and TMT-B z-scores, number of errors, and the B/A ratio.

resultsHIV was associated with significantly slower performance on the Stroop Interference (

conclusionsOur results suggest HIV without clinically identified cognitive impairment and CD are associated with distinct and potentially overlapping executive functioning deficits, particularly for measures of inhibitory control. Notably, CD showed trend-level slowing on Stroop Interference performance, suggesting partial overlap with HIV effects. Clarifying the specific cognitive processes impacted by HIV and CD can help guide tailored interventions to improve functional outcomes in these populations.

Indexed as

Cocaine-Related DisordersHIV InfectionsStroop TestAdultCognitive FlexibilityCross-Sectional StudiesExecutive FunctionFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedTrail Making Testdrug use disorderexecutive functionsHIV/AIDSquality of life

Identifiers

PMID41600883
PMCPMC12846368

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.