ArticleViruses2025
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Biosecurity Practices Regarding African Swine Fever Among Small-Scale Pig Farmers in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Cambodia.
Article in Viruses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- African swine fever in the era of global expansion: Epidemiology, transmission dynamics, viral evolution, and One Health control strategies.Veterinary world · 2026Review
- A spatiotemporal analysis of the spread of African swine fever in Vietnam in 2019.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Biosecurity Competencies and Educational Needs Among Veterinary Professionals: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Survey.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a transboundary viral disease that has heavily impacted Southeast Asia since its introduction in 2019. Smallholder pig production systems in Cambodia and the Lao People's Democratic Republic (the Lao PDR), characterized by low biosecurity, free-ranging practices, and limited veterinary oversight, remain particularly vulnerable. To assess farmers' awareness and practices regarding ASF, a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey was implemented between March and September 2023 by Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières within the framework of the Biosecurity in Pig Farming (BIG) project. A total of 471 pig farmers, including 56% women, were interviewed across eight provinces using a standardized questionnaire (188 in Cambodia and 283 in the Lao PDR). Results showed that ASF awareness was generally high (92% in Cambodia, 66% in the Lao PDR), yet 15% of Cambodian and 30% of Lao respondents expressed doubts about the presence of ASF in their country. While recognition of ASF symptoms was moderate and positively correlated with farmers' perceived capacity to identify the disease, knowledge of transmission pathways was low and often misaligned with perceptions. Airborne transmission was frequently cited as a risk, and the risks related to visitors and fomites were underestimated by more than 50% of the farmers. Implementation of biosecurity measures (BSM) was limited, with mean scores of 43% in Cambodia and 27% in the Lao PDR. Risky practices such as swill feeding, free-ranging, sharing of boars, traders, and inadequate carcass disposal remained widespread. Statistical analysis identified education level, herd size, knowledge, perceived risks, and perceived benefits of BSM as the main determinants of biosecurity implementation. Farmers with larger herds or stronger commercial orientation demonstrated higher biosecurity adoption, while misconceptions and knowledge gaps remained frequent among smallholder farmers. Strengthening awareness, promoting low-cost and feasible biosecurity practices, and integrating farmer-centred approaches are essential for reducing ASF transmission risks and improving the resilience of smallholder pig production systems in the region.
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