Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41600793›Full record

ArticleViruses2025

Seven Strategies Implemented in Response to the 16th Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Lessons Learned over a Three-Month Period.

Dieudonné K Mwamba, Karl B Angendu, Waly Diouf, Marie-Claire Mikobi, Olive Leonard, Danny Kalala, Nella Ntumba, Deogratias Kakule, David K Kayembe, Emilia Sana and 22 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

32 authors.

Dieudonné K MwambaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Karl B AngenduEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID 0009-0004-0537-5087
Waly DioufEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID 0000-0001-5922-1279
Marie-Claire MikobiEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Olive LeonardEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Danny KalalaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID 0009-0007-0461-608X
Nella NtumbaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Deogratias KakuleEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
David K KayembeEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Emilia SanaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Bienvenu KabaseleEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Jack KatyaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Alice MontoyoEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID 0009-0004-5204-3405
Béatrice SerraEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Henriette BulamboEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
John OtshudiemaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID 0000-0001-9946-7951
Serge KapangaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Olea BalayuluEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Jeanpie MuyaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Erick KamanguEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Richard KitengeEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Gaston TshapendaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Cris KasitaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Mory KeitaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID 0000-0002-6304-9288
Francis K KabasubaboEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
John KombeEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Mathias MossokoEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Christian B NganduEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID 0000-0001-9313-606X
Célestin ManiangaEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Gregory MoullecDepartment of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
Christina ZarowskyDepartment of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
Pierre Z AkilimaliEbola Incident Management System, Democratic Republic of Congo National Public Health Institute, Kinshasa P.O. Box 3243, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID 0000-0002-3828-6214

Funding

The government of the DRC and its partners : WHO, UNICEF, US CDC, Africa CDC, Word Banque, MSF, ALIMA and others. There is no particular referenceWorld Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The 2025 Ebola outbreak that ravaged the Bulape Health District (HD) in Kasai, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), was tackled using the incident management system (IMS) model. The Bulape HD is located in the Mweka territory, which has experienced two Ebola epidemics: one in 2007 and another in 2008. The IMS comprises seven strategies recommended for an effective response to an Ebola outbreak: (i) thorough investigation, (ii) strengthening infection prevention and control measures in the community, (iii) ensuring that medical care is provided by experienced professionals, (iv) strengthening risk communication and community engagement (RCCE), (v) ring vaccination, (vi) operational research, and (vii) anchoring interventions in the existing health system. We share our experience implementing these seven strategies and compare them with those utilized during three previous Ebola outbreaks. This paper describes our achievements, the resulting benefits, and the factors that facilitated the implementation of the aforementioned strategies. A literature review and interviews were conducted. The atlas.ti 22 software was used for data analysis. Implementing these seven strategies contributed to an effective response, largely due to the experience and expertise of those involved but also thanks to the support of technical and financial partners (TFPs) and the engagement of the local community. Challenges such as geographical accessibility, the fragile health system, the community's strong attachment to traditional practices, and negative reactions to healthcare-which was widely discredited, with many of those involved expressing a lack of faith in its effectiveness-were major obstacles. To overcome these challenges, an integrated approach was utilized, combining a rapid comprehensive response with deep and respectful community engagement. The support and alignment of TFPs were invaluable during this process. The RCCE pillar proved key to successful IMS implementation. Our experiences will be useful during the next Ebola outbreak in the DRC; additionally, they may also help to inform the response to similar outbreaks in other countries.

Indexed as

Disease OutbreaksHemorrhagic Fever, EbolaDemocratic Republic of the CongoEbolavirusHumansDemocratic Republic of CongoEbola outbreakincident management systemNational Public Health InstitutePublic Health Emergency Operations Center

Identifiers

PMID41600793
PMCPMC12846509

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