Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41600754›Full record

ArticleVeterinary sciences2026

Complete Neutralization of Tetanus Neurotoxin by Alpaca-Derived Trivalent Nanobodies Aimed at Veterinary Medical Applications.

Chiyomi Sakamoto, Chie Shitada, Norihiko Kiyose, Nobuo Miyazaki, Sena Kamesawa, Hiroshi Morioka, Kazunori Morokuma, Kazuhiko Tomokiyo, Motohide Takahashi

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Veterinary sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Chiyomi SakamotoToxin and Biologicals Research Laboratory, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 861-5533, Japan.
Chie ShitadaToxin and Biologicals Research Laboratory, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 861-5533, Japan.
Norihiko KiyoseARK Resource Co., Ltd., 383-2 Nakaharamachi, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 861-5271, Japan.
Nobuo MiyazakiARK Resource Co., Ltd., 383-2 Nakaharamachi, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 861-5271, Japan.
Sena KamesawaGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
Hiroshi MoriokaGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
Kazunori MorokumaKM Biologics Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan.
Kazuhiko TomokiyoThe Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), 8-7 Shinshigai, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto 860-0803, Japan.
Motohide TakahashiToxin and Biologicals Research Laboratory, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 861-5533, Japan.ORCID 0009-0000-8404-4913

Funding

This research was conducted as part of a joint research course between Kumamoto Health Science University and The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), a non-profit general incorporated foundation in Japan. The study was supported by int no
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Tetanus is a zoonotic disease posing significant threats to both humans and animals, particularly horses, sheep, and ruminants. Current antitoxin therapies rely on animal-derived immunoglobulins, presenting challenges including animal welfare concerns, pathogen contamination risks, and manufacturing complexity. Alpaca-derived nanobodies (VHH) are promising alternatives owing to their high antigen-binding affinity, thermostability, and potential for microbial production. We developed highly active trivalent VHH antibodies (tVHH) that target multiple epitopes of tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT). Following alpaca immunization with tetanus toxoid, 41 VHH clones were isolated using phage display. Six VHH clones were selected through in vivo neutralization assays, from which three clones of VHH (8, 11, 36) were selected to construct tVHH-8/11/36 and tVHH-8/36/11. Using an improved 21-day mouse neutralization assay, tVHH-8/11/36 demonstrated exceptional neutralizing activity of approximately 1580 IU/mg against 4000 LD

Indexed as

alpacaneutralization testneutralizing activityOne Healthtetanus neurotoxinVHHVHH trimer

Identifiers

PMID41600754
PMCPMC12846415

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.