Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Optical Resonance Wavelength (ORW) of Large-Element Surface-Micromachined Optical Ultrasound Transducers (SMOUTs).

Kaustubh Upadhyay, Cheng Fang, Zhiyu Yan, Xuan Li, Jun Zou

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Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 authors.

Kaustubh UpadhyayDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

Cheng FangDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8146-6440

Zhiyu YanDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

Xuan LiDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.ORCID 0009-0001-8618-5733

Jun ZouDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

Funding

National Science Foundation ECCS-2330199National Science Foundation PFI-2329865NIH HHS 1R01EB031040-01A1

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper investigates optical resonance wavelength (ORW) shifts in large-element, fiber-tip surface-micromachined optical ultrasound transducers (SMOUTs) induced by changes in ambient pressure and temperature. The displacement behavior of the SMOUT top membrane under varying pressure and temperature conditions is analyzed and modeled, and simulation results are presented for fiber-tip SMOUTs with four diameters (200, 400, 600, and 800 µm). Fabricated and assembled fiber-tip SMOUTs are experimentally characterized using two dedicated setups to measure their reflectivity spectra and ORW shifts over ambient pressures from 80 kPa to 120 kPa and temperatures from 25 °C to 45 °C. The experimental data show good agreement with the simulation results. These findings provide a solid basis for active control and compensation of ORW shifts via pressure and temperature adjustment. By stabilizing the reflectivity spectrum and minimizing ORW drift, the use of non-tunable high-power light sources to interrogate arrays of fiber-tip SMOUTs with enhanced operational stability and sensitivity is enabled.

Indexed as

ambient pressureoptical resonance wavelength (ORW)surface-micromachined optical ultrasound transducer (SMOUT)temperature

Identifiers

PMID41600277

DOI10.3390/s26020480

PMCPMC12845628

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