Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41599927›Full record

ArticleNutrients2026

Variability in the Composition and Antioxidant Status of Milk of Polish Women Breastfeeding up to 2 Years.

Agnieszka Chrustek, Elena Sinkiewicz-Darol, Katarzyna Łubiech, Dorota Olszewska-Słonina, Agnieszka Dombrowska-Pali

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Nutrients · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Agnieszka ChrustekDepartment of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Curie-Skłodowska 9 St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-2921-8399
Elena Sinkiewicz-DarolHuman Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier Provincial Polyclinical Hospital in Toruń, św. Józefa 53-59 St., 87-100 Torun, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-4123-866X
Katarzyna ŁubiechDepartment of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-1939-4068
Dorota Olszewska-SłoninaDepartment of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Curie-Skłodowska 9 St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-9742-451X
Agnieszka Dombrowska-PaliDepartment of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Łukasiewicza 1 St., 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-0785-8977

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesBreastfeeding has accompanied women since the beginning of time and, according to anthropological research, naturally ends between the age of 2 and 6. WHO (World Health Organization) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for about the first 6 months, with continued breastfeeding along with introducing appropriate complementary foods for up to 2 years of age or longer. Despite the increasing promotion of breastfeeding, women do not comply with the WHO guidelines and give up exclusive breastfeeding quickly, and long-term breastfeeding mothers still struggle with a lack of understanding in society.

methodsThis work aims to expand the knowledge on the composition and antioxidant status of the milk of mothers breastfeeding past 12 months.

resultsThe basic composition of human milk changes depending on the stage of lactation. In women breastfeeding for more than a year, an increase in fat (

conclusionsThe milk of women breastfeeding for more than 12 months is a valuable food for the baby, maintaining its protection against free radicals and providing adequate nutrients.

Indexed as

AntioxidantsBreast FeedingMilk, HumanAdultFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornLactationLeptinPolandAntioxidantsLeptinantioxidant statushormoneshuman milkinfantslactation

Identifiers

PMID41599927
PMCPMC12845316

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.