ArticlePolymers2026
Ultrasonic-Formic Acid Pretreatment Coupled with Metal Ion/Deep Eutectic Synergistic Catalysis: Efficient Conversion of Biomass to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural.
Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study developed a two-step conversion strategy for the efficient conversion of bamboo waste into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). First, ultrasonic-assisted formic acid pretreatment was used at 80 °C for 3 h, removing approximately 83.7% of hemicellulose and 76.5% of lignin from the biomass, with a cellulose recovery of 93.5%. The ultrasonic step significantly enhanced the chemical action of formic acid through cavitation, allowing formic acid to penetrate deeper into the biomass, thereby more effectively removing hemicellulose and lignin. Subsequently, glucose was obtained through an enzymatic hydrolysis. In the second step of HMF preparation, citric acid in the hydrolysate was combined with ChCl to form an acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES), and metal chlorides were added as Lewis acid catalysts. Experiments results showed that when the ChCl-citric acid ratio was 2:1, and the Ca
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