ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Influenza A Virus H5N1 Subtype: Resurgent Interspecies and Intercontinental Transmission, and a New Host.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rapid Detection of N9 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses Using an NA-Targeting Lateral Flow Immunoassay.Viruses · 2026Article
- Research Progress and Screening Strategies of Natural Product-Derived Neuraminidase Inhibitors.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Targeting Zoonotic Spillover Drivers for Global Pandemic Prevention: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Epidemiological and Genomic Characterization of H5 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses in Jining City, 2024-2025.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It has been more than 25 years since the avian influenza A virus (IAV) H5N1 subtype emerged in humans in 1997. Since then, this virus has become endemic in poultry and wild birds and has been causing sporadic infections in humans. Furthermore, the H5N1 subtype has undergone numerous reassortment events with other avian IAVs, resulting in the emergence of various H5Nx subtypes. Furthermore, the original H5 hemagglutinin (HA) has evolved genetically and antigenically and diversified into multiple lineages, phylogenetic clades, and subclades. In 2020, clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 emerged in Europe and spread intercontinentally. Lately, H5N1 has exhibited a resurgence in transmission across the continents in different avian and mammalian species. Importantly, to the surprise of influenza virologists, H5N1 has recently been found to infect a new host, the cow, and has been detected in cow milk. Furthermore, spillover infections of H5N1 have also been detected in dairy farm workers. This review summarizes the recent transmission of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 across the globe and its pathogenesis and adaptation in different hosts. Also, this review discusses the susceptibility of the H5N1 subtype to anti-IAV drugs and vaccines and the public health response and measures that are undertaken and can be taken in the future to contain its further spread.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.